This view only includes actual apps that launch on startup, it doesn't include agents, daemons etc. Many popular apps have one, if not many, that the users are usually not even aware of and can't turn off via the UI. To see what I mean, try running `launchctl list | grep -v "com.apple"` as the user you're logged in with. It will list jobs loaded into launchctl not owned by Apple, and that isn't even the only way to make things run at startup.

No, the “Login Items” panel that was previously under Users & Groups did not include Launch Agents or Launch Daemons.

Launch Daemons in particular are managed directly by launchd and can have more sophisticated triggers including periodic execution.

I see. Thank you for the correction.

Apps aren’t required to use that screen though. Some of them will, but a lot of apps not in the App Store can and do register themselves with launchd on their own.

Apple should be proactive and extract those items automatically, but in practice, they don’t.

Launch agents and daemons didn't even show up there. It was more for the user themselves to register programs they wanted to auto open.

However that feature became a bit stale since macOS started reopening all apps anyway.